Hajj is one of Islam's five pillars, an annual spiritual experience that is undertaken by Muslims at least once their lifetime to express their faith in and servitude towards Allah
In essence, the Hajj means 'pilgrimage' to the holy city of Makkah in Arabic and must be performed by every Muslim each year during the first ten days of the sacred month of Dhu al-Hijjah, the final month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
There are three types of Hajj that a pilgrim may choose to undertake, namely:
Hajj al-Ifrad – This mainly refers to performing the rituals of Hajj alone without the need for a sacrificial animal. A pilgrim who undertakes this form of Hajj is called Mufrid.
Hajj al-Qiran – In this type of pilgrimage, one performs both Hajj and Umrah together while being in the state of Ihram. This form requires a sacrificial animal to complete the rituals. A pilgrim who undertakes this form of Hajj is called Qaarin.
Hajj al-Tamatt' u – The most common type of Hajj pilgrimage and the one Prophet Muhammed encouraged his companions to perform. It refers to performing Umrah rituals during the Hajj season and then proceeding to complete the steps to Hajj between the 8th and 13th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
The pilgrims offer both Umrah and Hajj rituals by entering a separate state of Ihram and sacrifice an animal to complete this form of Hajj. A pilgrim who undertakes this form of Hajj is called Muttamatti.
HAJJ RITUALS – HOW TO PERFORM HAJJ
The acts of faith performed by all pilgrims during their spiritual journey to the Holy Kaaba are collectively known as the Hajj rituals, which lasts five days from the 8th to 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
1. HAJJ PREPARATIONS
Hajj begins on the 8th day of Dhu al-Hijjah when pilgrims make their intentions to undertake the pilgrimage by donning the Ihram garments.
Ihram from Miqat – The intention to perform Hajj
Before pilgrims wish to enter the Al Masjid Al Haram (the sacred boundary of Mecca) and move across to perform Hajj, they should wear Ihram to make haram and traverse the five different areas of Miqats in the Haram boundary.
Below are the destination options and relevant Miqats for pilgrims traveling to Saudi Arabia to perform Hajj:
• Dhu'l Hulaifah (Abbyar Ali) is for pilgrims coming to Saudi Arabia from or through Madina first for Hajj al-Tamatt' u
• Al-Juhfah (near Rabigh) is for pilgrims coming from or through Syria, Morocco, or Egypt.
• Qarn-al manzil (As-Sail Al-Kabeer) is for pilgrims coming from or through Najd or Taif.
• Yalamlam (Sa'adiyah) is for pilgrims coming from or through India, Pakistan, or Yemen.
• Dhat `Irq is for pilgrims coming from or through Iraq.
Before setting off from their place of stay and making their way to Mecca's sacred boundary, pilgrims wear Ihram, which is the combined sacred act of Niyyah and Talbiyah necessary to perform Hajj. Niyyah (intention) is the innate intention to perform an act of worship, while Talbiyah is a special prayer said in supplication to attain Ihram.
All pilgrims follow specific guidelines before entering into the Miqat.
To become a Muhrim (a pilgrim that has attained the state of Ihram), a pilgrim must prepare himself for Ihram by following the steps as instructed by the Prophet (PBUH):
• Performing ablutions – cleansing the body to attain physical purity, which involves some mandatory (Mushtahab) and others, is preferable for Ihram:
I. Ghusl (Mustahab)
II. Perfuming the head & beard. (Mustahab)
III. Clipping finger & toenails (Preferred)
IV. Trimming mustache (Preferred)
V. Shaving off unwanted body hair (Preferred)
• Changing into the sacred attire of two-pieced white Ihram sheets (Izar and Rida) for men and ordinary Islamic clothes for women. Both men and women should wear flip-flops or sandals that expose the midfoot's middle bones.
• Performing the two Rakats of Salah al-Ihram while covering the head.
• Pronouncing the Niyyah as the Miqat approaches
• Reciting Talbiyah repeatedly while traversing the Miqat stations in the sacred boundary of the Grand Holy Mosque until the commencement of Tawaf before traveling to Mecca for the next step of Umrah.
2. PERFORMING THE UMRAH RITUALS
Pilgrims intending to undertake Hajj al-Tamatt' u must combine Umrah rituals with that of Hajj.
3. HAJJ STEPS
Below are the ten Hajj rituals step by step:
I. Reassume Ihram and the intention to perform Hajj
After completing Umrah rituals, pilgrims must assume the state of Ihram and declare their intentions to do Hajj.
Note: repeat step 1 of Hajj Preparation
II. Travel to Mina
Soon after the observing the morning prayers, all pilgrims must head to Mina (a town in Mecca), where they stay an entire day carrying out ritual prayers – Duhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha, Fajr, and Qasr – as stated in the Quran.
III. Travel to Mt. Arafat to perform Wafuq
During the second day of Hajj, the ninth day of Dhu-al-Hijjah, pilgrims travel to Arafat from Mina reciting Istaghfar and making supplications. Upon reaching Mount Arafat, pilgrims observe Duhr and Asr combined with Qasar prayers near the Jabal al-Rahmah from noon to sunset. This act is known as Waquf (standing before Allah).
IV. Offer Prayers in Muzdalifah
Post sunset, pilgrims head to Muzdalifah (a town between Mina and Mt. Arafat) to observe the evening prayers and rest the night until Fajr prayers in preparation for the next day's ritual of stoning the devil. Pilgrims pick up 49 pebbles of similar size for Rami.
On the 10th day hu al-Hijjah, pilgrims leave for Mecca before sunset to do Tawaf al-Ifadah and Sa'iy and get back to Mina to perform Rami, Nahr, and Halq.
V. Perform Rami in Mina
On the 11th and 12th days of Hajj, pilgrims must complete the Devil or Rami's stoning. Before Sunrise, pilgrims head back to Mina and participate in a ritual known as 'Stoning the devil'. Seven pebbles (of similar sizes) are thrown at a stone structure known as Jamrat al-Aqabah. This is an act carried out at noon each day. All pilgrims are required to leave for Mecca before sunset on the 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
VI. Animal Sacrifice – Nahr
The culmination of the stoning ceremony calls for animal sacrifice. Pilgrims can purchase a sacrifice voucher or a coupon, which states that a sacrifice has been made in their name. The sacrificial animal is either a lamb or a camel. The animal is slaughtered, and its meat is packed and shipped to other countries or is fed to the poor.
VII. Halq (shaving the head) or Taqsir (clipping or shortening of the hair for men and women)
Men should get their head completely shaved, or get their hair clipped. Women are forbidden to shave their heads and only allowed to have a lock or strand of their hair clipped. The act of cutting the hair symbolizes one's detachment from physical appearances and complete subjection to Allah.
VIII. Perform Tawaf and Sa'iy
IX. Repeat Stoning at Mina After Sunset On the 11th and 12TH day of Dhu al-Hijjah
The stoning ritual is repeated by throwing pebbles at two other monuments other than Jamrat al Aqabah – Jamrat Oolah (the first Jamrat) and Jamrat Wustah (middle Jamrat). Pilgrims face the Jamarah (main pillar), with the Mecca on their left and Mina on their right, stone it with seven small pebbles while reciting takbeer.
X. Perform the Farewell Tawaf
The next and the final step is the farewell Tawaf, circumambulating the Kaaba anti-clockwise seven times and touching or kissing the Kaaba if possible. Pilgrims reflect on their experience and thank Allah for everything while circumambulating the Kaaba.
On completing the Tawaf, pilgrims can proceed to collect their belongings, leave Kaaba by setting their left foot out first and making supplications while doing so. This final step marks the end of Hajj rituals.